Medical errors Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Medical errors - Article Example Medical errors are inclusive of errors which are committed by medical care individuals as well as any other form of system errors. According to the Institute of Medicine (IOM), other definitions put forward on the description of medical errors include: â€Å"error of execution†, â€Å"error of planning† (Freisen, Farquhar and Hughes, n.d). The causes for medical errors are quite a number. Medical errors that are caused by medical personnel could be as a result of: lack of proper communication between the health care personnel; lack of proper communication between the patient (s) and the health care personnel; irresponsibility by the medical personnel in terms of prescriptions and dosages; handing out drugs over the counter without a sound doctor analysis; wrong drug administration; lack of following the mandated patient care policies. Communication is quite essential in a health care facility. In the event that there is a communication gap between the health care person nel, then problems are likely to occur. Lack of proper communication is likely to happen while writing out patients’ results or even while packaging or labelling drugs by their names and dosages. That is; a drug could be labelled wrongly and this could be interpreted differently by another medical personnel. A communication deficit could also occur between a patient (s) and the health care personnel. An example of such a situation is when the patient is describing their symptoms to the health care personnel. As a result, the words and expressions being used by the medical care expert could not actually be exactly what the patient is referring to. At that instance, a communication error occurs and this will in turn lead to wrong drug and dosage administration. Over the counter drugs (OTC) and prescriptions have also been known to cause fatal medical errors – this is due to the reason that the personnel responsible could be lacking adequate knowledge and experience in pr oviding ample analysis of the symptoms that the patient has. As a result, they could either give the wrong drugs to the patient or provide an under-dose or an over-dose of the medicine. Following the mandated hospital policies and procedures is very essential. These policies and procedures include: providing organisation orientation to new medical staff, providing medical education to patients and ensuring that medical training is done effectively. The benefit of carrying out all these tasks is that they will reduce the total numbers of medical errors that occur. For example, if the health care facility acquires new equipment, the staff should be trained on how to properly use the equipment so as to alienate the possibility of system errors. In addition to that, patient education should be provided so as to educate them with information on how they could also avoid being victims of unwanted medical errors. In a 1993 to 1998 medical study that was conducted by FDA (2013), the results revealed that the most regular form of medical error was as a result of recklessness while giving out prescriptions and medical dosages - This accounted for 41%. The same study revealed that the other forms of personnel medical errors included: wrong drug administration that answered for 16% while the use of wrong drug

Managing Project End-Date and Resource Allocation Essay Example for Free

Managing Project End-Date and Resource Allocation Essay Project management is one of the most effective means by which to manage and control just about any project. Construction management, Information Technology, Engineering are just a few of the many fields that are positively complimented and capable of utilizing project management to benefit processes from beginning to end as well as providing a platform for inclusion of all team members and an excellent level of communication to keep shareholders, corporate boards fully informed about a project. In addition, it provides the Project Manager with a means to â€Å"overview† the status of the project without having to micromanage team members, and allows them the freedom and flexibility to utilize their talents. Project also points out weaknesses in the project and team members as well. So, the following areas will be points of discussion: 1.General project management practices. 2.Allocation of resources. 3.Resolution of over allocated resources. General Project Management Practices All projects begin with a plan to get the work done. From there the project manager applies â€Å"best practices† based on his/her interaction with the owner, shareholders, and project team. On occasion there may be a tendency to â€Å"jump† right into the project without proper planning, but considerable time and money can be saved as well as increase in quality of the project. (Karim, 2011) So the following aspects to be included in the project definition would be: 1.Project overview, objectives, and scope. 2.Assumptions about the project, risks, and approach. 3.Organization, getting shareholders to approve and buy-in to and approve the project by signing the signature page for the project document. 4.The initial cost, duration and front end efforts are important even though they are just the â€Å"best guess† estimates that can change throughout the life of the project. Regardless of what occurs in the project, it is imperative that the project manager pay close attention as the project progresses. His/her quick actions are what will help the project to successful or unsuccessful for that matter. So, the importance of resource allocation is key here. Allocation of Resources Allocating resources on the front end of a project is also a lesson in estimating a â€Å"best guess† for the project. However, as the project manager more closely reviews the different aspects of the project allocated resources whether they be first, second, or third iteration (if any exist) will be pointed out by PM software such as MS Project. Its correct use will allow over allocation to be corrected which in some cases may bring the project in earlier and under budget. (de Sousa) In my analysis, the Huntsville Plant Project will not be ready by June 2012. In fact, it appears that the project will be extended to completion to take place at July 6, 2012 according to the project schedule. The approximate duration of the project is 64 weeks from the planning phase through final phase of distribution. To allow the project to complete on or closest to the project finish date, the over allocated resources could be used to bring the project closer to the approximate completion date of June 30, 2012. (Gido Clements, 2011) esolution of Over-Allocation of Resources A few examples from the Huntsville of over allocation are: 1.Item # 8 (Establishing Building Concept) is scheduled for 11 days, but could be reduced to 6 days ending on 5/8/11 which would decrease the lag by 5 days allowing item # 9 ( Create Building Design) to perhaps begin on 5/10/11. I chose to allow one day of lag in the event of inclement weather which most always throws a damper on most business behavior/activities. In this case, creating the building design can begin 5/11/11 and run through 5/14/11 with 2 days of lag remaining. 2.Item # 3 (Select Architect) could also be streamlined to 4 days instead of 11 days. 3.Item # 12 (Obtain Permits and Approvals) could be shortened by moving the start date to 5/15/11 to get the required approval from the municipal planning commission in a more timely fashion to keep the project on track. So, (Site Prep) could begin closer to 6/24/11 4.Item # 19 (Procure Equipment) could be shortened by one month to 10/11/11 giving 30 days lag. The Huntsville project shows over allocation of resources during the months of April, May, June, and July of 2011. However, careful review of the Resources Worksheet, Resource Graph, and Network Diagram will allow you to make the best use of project resources. The Team Planner can be used to clearly see work resources, and tasks can be dragged to make required adjustments. So, the allocation a resources is very important and should be done carefully, and reviewed often to help with the project final completion dates, avoid cost overruns, and be successful. While there is no such thing as the â€Å"perfect† project, we can certainly determine problem areas and resolve them before they affect the project negatively. Resources Karim, S. (2011, July 20). Best practices in project management or better practice?. Retrieved from http://blogs.pmi.org/blog/voices_on_project_management/2011/07/best-practices-in-project-mana.html de Sousa, S. (n.d.). My PM Expert. Retrieved from http://www.my-project-management-expert.com/project-management-resource-allocation.html Gido, J., Clements, J. P. (2011). Successful Project Management . (5th ed., pp. 216-219). Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. DOI: www.cengage.com

The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde :: Free Essay Writer

The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Robert Louis Stevenson in â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† is telling us that we fear the knowledge of our duality so we keep silent. We are afraid of the truth, about ourselves, so we stay quiet. Everyone has a part of himself or herself that they don’t reveal to anyone. We are afraid to show it but when it comes out we’d rather not talk about it. The author shows knowledge as a very important thing. â€Å"Now I shall know you again,† said Mr. Utterson. â€Å"It may be useful.† This quote is said when Mr. Utterson meets Mr. Hyde for the first time. Another quote that proves this is â€Å"I wish to see or hear no more of Dr. Jekyll.† Lanyon said this after he had seen Mr. Hyde turn into Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Utterson was asking him questions about Dr. Jekyll. â€Å" Lanyon, you remember your vows: what follows is under the seal of our profession...† Lanyon is about to find out about Dr. Jekyll’s secret. Another pattern that the author shows as being important is fear. Mr. Utterson and Mr. Enfield were walking together and seen Dr. Jekyll in his house. They were talking to him when all of a sudden he started to change into Mr. Hyde. When they saw this they looked at each other, both were pale and had an answering horror in their eyes. â€Å" I am afraid, I think there has been foul play.† Poole says this when he goes and talks to Mr. Utterson about Dr. Jekyll. Also when Mr. Utterson and Poole want to talk to Dr. Jekyll and ask for him but find out that Mr. Hyde is inside they swing an axe at his door. They hear a â€Å" dismal screech, as of mere animal terror.† Another way fear is shown is when Lanyon saw Mr. Hyde turn into Dr. Jekyll. â€Å"O God and O God again and again.† Lanyon said this after what he saw. Another major pattern is duality. You can see duality through out the whole book. One example is Mr. Utterson and Mr. Enfield. Mr. Utterson is very popular around town. He is also involved with the town. On the other hand Mr. Enfield was always quiet and didn’t do anything around the town. But they were always together. Another example is Dr.

Free Essays on Homers Odyssey: Religion and Death :: Homer Odyssey Essays

Religion and Death in Homer's Odyssey      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How does the Ancient Greek beliefs of religion and death differ with the view of other cultural groups?   Death, the way it is represented in Homer's book, The Odyssey, is always caused by human error.   Whether their death was caused by greed, selfishness, or just being curious, many people died in The Odyssey.   Still, the question of what happens after we die remains.   Many religions have different beliefs of religious ideas from the Ancient Greeks.   Afterlife, is a belief where the comparisons among religions become extremely close. The Greek beliefs of gods and death are different from the modern day beliefs of other religions such as Judaism and Ancient Egyptian beliefs.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For example,   The Odyssey begins with a scene containing a conversation among the gods.   The goddess Athena, goddess of war and wisdom, is discussing the matter of Odysseus with Zeus, the head god and god of sky (Homer 10).   Of course these are not the only Greek gods and goddesses. Other examples of Greek gods and goddesses are Apollo, god of music, poetry, medicine, archery, and young unmarried men and Hestes, goddess of the home. As you can see, the Greeks believed in many gods unlike the people of the Jewish fate who believed in one god.   The Jewish god does not have an emblem that which it is represented by.   The belief is that the god is represented by everything.   For example, members of the Jewish religion believe god is everywhere, in everything, and represented by everything they do.   Another example of the religious differences is how Ancient Egyptians believed in idol gods which are gods represented in statues. Ancient Greek beliefs are different from those of other societies because of differences between how gods are represented in Judaism and Ancient Egyptian beliefs.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Equally important are the Ancient Greek views of death.   Death caused by human error is widespread throughout the book.   Human error is encountered in each one of Odysseus's adventures on his return home.   The Kyklopes represented the greediness, selfishness, and uncilvilization of Odysseus's men.   Odysseus fell asleep and his men unleashed a bag of bad winds, throwing them off path (Homer 315).   Skylla and Kharybdis was a representation of death from nature when Odysseus's men stopped rowing and six of the men were killed.

A balanced approach Essay

It is our main concern to keep children safe from harm. Doing this can be very hard, as at the same time we need to encourage children and young people to experience risk and challenges. If we try to remove all risks from children’s lives we could be restricting their learning experiences. Some risks obviously need to be avoided, otherwise we wouldn’t be competent in our role of caring for children and young people. Obviously the risks we allow children and young people to take should be appropriate to age, needs and ability, and a balanced approach should apply. We should not be excessively risk adverse and encourage children to have more independence, therefore creating more confidence. By allowing children to use and access certain equipment such as a trim trail or climbing frame, and giving them rules and boundaries to follow whilst using the equipment allows them to take certain risks without taking excessive risks. See more: The Issues Concerning Identity Theft Essay The children that I work with understand that when they are allowed access to the trim trail, they must follow the rules. There have been instances when children have not followed the rules and then have ended up with minor injuries from falling. Children now know that if the rules are not followed they will be removed from the activity on that occasion. However, by allowing children and young people to take certain risks, we must also remember to avoid excessive risk taking, for example, we should encourage children not to swing on chairs, and always demonstrate to children and young people how to use equipment correctly, i.e. scissors. It is very important your children and young people to be given the opportunity to take risks and challenges in order for them to develop a sense of self awareness. They need to understand the importance of potential risks to themselves and others around them. Children need to be encouraged to think about what risks may arise and how they can be avoi ded, and how they may impact on others and themselves.

Likelihood Ratio Positive And Positive Predictive Value Health Essay Essays

Likelihood Ratio Positive And Positive Predictive Value Health Essay Essays Likelihood Ratio Positive And Positive Predictive Value Health Essay Essay Likelihood Ratio Positive And Positive Predictive Value Health Essay Essay and allows the doctor to find the importance of a positive trial consequence. An alternate method of finding the post-test chance uses likelihood ratios. The likeliness ratio ( LR ) communicates the chance that a given trial consequence would happen in a patient with the mark disease compared to a patient without the disease. Unlike PPV, LR is non reliant on pre-test chance. A positive LR is calculated by sensitivity/ ( 1 specificity ) , whereas a negative LR is calculated by ( 1 sensitiveness ) /specificity. Using a likeliness ratio nomograph, the post-test chance can be rapidly determined utilizing the deliberate LR and pre-test chance. B ) Define and contrast analytic and descriptive experimental surveies ( 2 Markss ) Descriptive surveies are used to supply information on the forms of happening of a peculiar disease within the population, such as prevalence or incidence. They describe the distribution of exposure and result variables, and are of import in exciting hypotheses such as possible hazard factors for disease. Study types include cross-sectional surveies and clinical observations described in instance studies and case-series. Analytic surveies provided critical analysis of the relationship between two factors, the consequence of an intercession or exposure on an result. Within such surveies hypotheses can be tested utilizing observation or experimentation, comparing rate of results in control group to intercession or exposed group. Such surveies include randomised controlled tests, cohort surveies and case-control surveies. Q2. An research worker would wish to measure the association of goiter and decreased I consumption in a community-based instance control survey in Nigeria. Persons with goiter will be compared with controls. The survey was located in a low income country in Nigeria and those with goiters were largely low-income persons. The research workers were surprised to happen those with a low BMI were more likely to hold goitre. They conclude that a low BMI causes goiter. a ) Do you hold or differ with the research worker? Explain your reply in a few sentences ( 2 Markss ) I disagree. The survey investigated the association of goiter with decreased iodine consumption, yet concluded that a low BMI causes goiter. Bing an experimental survey missing any intercessions, it is hard to definitively set up causality. There is no suggestion that the survey adjusted for any confounding variables related to both BMI and the development of goiter, such as income degrees or age. Failure to set for normally associated factors hinders the disclosure of true associations. For illustration, it is wholly executable that low BMI and goiter are both results of exposure to nutritionally-deficient repasts afforded by those with low income. Further survey is required to measure if low BMI meets the Bradford Hill standards for causality of goiter, using the right analytical survey type, commanding confounding and extinguishing prejudice. B ) Explain in a few words what type of bias/error may be present ( 1 grade ) Recall prejudice. Reliance on callback may take to measurement prejudice, due to inaccurate remembrance or measuring of anterior iodine consumption by both topics and controls. Further to this, choice prejudice may be if the control population was non similar plenty to the instance population. Potentially high variableness, together with measuring prejudice, threatens the internal cogency of the survey. Q3. A survey to measure the association of diabetes and smoke compared a group of hospitalised persons with diabetes ( instances ) with a group of voluntary persons without diabetes ( controls ) who were full-time employees of the same infirmary where the instances were identified. The consequences from this survey reported, for the first clip in the literature, a strong association between diabetes and smoke. a ) What type of prejudice may be present? Why do you surmise the presence of the prejudice you have identified? ( 2 Markss ) Choice prejudice. The diabetics and non-diabetics are sourced from different population samples via differing choice methods. Volunteer prejudice and built-in fluctuation between the two groups may hold unwittingly influenced the strength of association reported. B ) The magnitude of this association is likely to be either over- or underestimated. Which do you believe is the instance, and what makes you believe so? ( 1 grade ) Over-estimated. Volunteers in a survey are frequently more motivated and wellness witting than selected participants, particularly those enduring wellness complications that require hospital admittance. Furthermore, the voluntaries have regular workplace exposure to patients enduring the inauspicious effects of smoke. Therefore there is an increased likeliness of less tobacco users amongst the control group. degree Celsius ) What is the best, executable survey type you would look for to reply this type of research inquiry? ( 1 grade ) An origin cohort. This is best for analyzing the consequence of prognostic hazard factors ( such as smoking ) on an result ( diabetes ) , to clarify alterations in disease incidence, without prejudice. It is non executable to use a randomized controlled test, as it is non ethical to intentionally expose people to the wellness hazards of smoke. Q4. You have a patient who asks you if diminishing meat consumption and increasing the sum of dietetic fresh fruit and veggies will diminish their hereafter hazard of intestine malignant neoplastic disease. You search for and happen the undermentioned article a ) Write the chief survey inquiry addressed by this research paper, in your ain words. ( 1 grade ) Does ingestion of differing nutrient groups or dietetic forms alter the hazard for rectal malignant neoplastic disease in non-Hispanic White persons and African americans? B ) Convert this into the PICO format. ( 2 Markss ) Patient/Population Non-Hispanic Whites and African americans Intervention/Indicator ingestion of specific nutrient groups Comparison ingestion of specific dietetic forms Outcome altered hazard for rectal malignant neoplastic disease degree Celsius ) What is the clinical inquiry type? ( 1 grade ) Aetiology To place hazard factors in incidence of rectal malignant neoplastic disease vitamin D ) What is the survey design? ( 1 grade ) Case-control survey. vitamin E ) Identify and briefly discuss the specific characteristics of the 3 chief causes of prejudice in this survey. 100 words maximal ( 6 Markss ) The research workers acknowledge 3 chief causes of prejudice. First, utilizing the questionnaire format, they risk measurement mistake by sorting ingested nutrients into specific groups for choice, restricting weighting of peculiar nutrients in dietetic forms. Inadequate diverseness in nutrients listed contributes to this measuring prejudice. Second, trust on capable callback of nutrient ingested over the old 12 months poses a important concern for the truth of the survey, due to remember prejudice. Finally, the high Numberss of non-respondents rises inquiries about the being of differences in rectal malignant neoplastic disease hazard between participants and non-participants, implying choice prejudice. degree Fahrenheit ) The paper concludes that higher consumption of fruit, veggies and dairy were associated with reduced rectal malignant neoplastic disease in Caucasians. Discuss these consequences ( Table 2 ) in visible radiation of the 5 major points of the Bradford Hill standards for set uping causal relationships. 200 words maximal ( 10 Markss ) 1. Temporality To demo a clip relationship of alteration in rectal malignant neoplastic disease incidence over clip, the research workers requested callback of diet over the last 12 months. However, this failed to once and for all turn out that ingestion of the nutrient groups ever preceded the decrease in rectal malignant neoplastic disease incidence. 2. Consistency The survey decisions claimed to be by and large associated with similar consequences by different surveies or research workers, and referenced a few surveies back uping their decisions ( mentions 13 to 15 ) . However, this contrasted with the survey by Michels et Al, and without a far greater figure of surveies with comparable findings, consistence can non be established. 3. Strength of association Measurements for fruit, some veggies and dairy showed important decreases in the hazard of rectal malignant neoplastic disease, with odds ratios lt ; 1 back uping strong association ( statistical significance of P lt ; 0.05 ) . 4. Dose-response relationship Increasing degrees of consumption resulted in diminishing incidence for rectal malignant neoplastic disease, evidenced by diminishing odds ratios between groups Q1 to Q4. Evidence for causality requires increasing incidence of disease with increasing exposure but here an opposite relationship applies. 5. Biological plausibleness -It is plausible that nutrients rich in vitamins and fibre lessening the happening of rectal malignant neoplastic disease, as suggested by the research workers.

Time Warner Merger Essays

AOL/Time Warner Merger Essays AOL/Time Warner Merger Essay AOL/Time Warner Merger Essay The merger of AOL and Time Warner was announced in January 2000 against the backdrop of a seeming technology revolution but prior to the bursting of the stock market bubble. Prior to Mid-March 2000, some of the bluest of blue chip companies feared marginalization by an upstart dot.com army. Today, however, every decision made in that era has been subject to the punitive scrutiny of hindsight. The AOL-Time Warner merger made a great deal of sense in the context of emerging competitive realities at the time and may prove to be a compelling combination as the Company moves forward and competes head-on with the likes of Microsoft. Both companies addressed perceived threats from externalities and bargaining problems. Nonetheless, it is clear that AOL gleaned the greatest lasting advantage from its choice of corporate strategies. The Time Warner Imperative At the time of the merger, Time Warner was the largest media firm in the world, having assembled an unparalleled portfolio of related assets, spanning both content and distribution. This was driven largely by two fundamental factors; first, the economics of the media industry dictate extracting multiple sources of rents from any given production, and second, media industry consolidation throughout the 1990s which saw large media firms largely internalize their distribution. However, with the rise of the Internet revolution, Time Warner was feeling pressure on a number of fronts: * A stagnating stock price as markets rewarded nimble, net-centric businesses, no matter how unproven; * Fragmentation of its audience, particularly to Internet media outlets, which it feared would sap it of the scale that provided leverage with advertisers; * Failure in a number of its own Internet ventures, feeding the fear that old economy companies truly were ill-equipped to succeed in the emerging e-conomy; * Rising costs of talent fueled by the exodus of executives seeking Internet riches. Against this backdrop, Time Warners agreement to link up with AOL seemed like a solid defensive move, guarding against the potential obsolescence of its resources by giving itself a stake in the Internet Revolution. It also held out tremendous offensive potential by giving the Company a new avenue to leverage its portfolio of competencies, namely the effective creation and distribution of content across multiple distribution channels; in this case AOLs 33 million subscribers. In the words of one analyst, Time Warner managed to acquire the Internet brand it had yet to build, thus enabling it to successfully overcome a major externality that was threatening its continued success. The AOL Imperative Throughout its history, AOL had leveraged joint ventures and partnerships as a means to grow and thrive. But competitive pressures were growing, and AOL, through its acquisition of Netscape and Compuserve, had begun to come more directly into competition with Microsoft, without the proprietary resources to win a fair fight. Additionally, and perhaps more importantly, despite AOLs dominant position as the number one Internet service provider, it only provided dial-up service, the growth of which was coming to a halt. Future subscriber growth required being able to provide broadband access, which provided much greater speed of connection and data transfer, enabling significantly richer functionality and significantly more profitable subscribers. AOL had succeeded on the basis of providing easy access to the Internet and simple, convenient, features such as email and instant messaging, that won early loyalty. However, the Internet was moving beyond its early beginnings, broadband was the key to the Internets future and AOL didnt possess sufficient unique content to compete as a dial-up provider. AOL also feared that it would be vulnerable to hold-up, or frozen out altogether, by those companies that had broadband capabilities. The merger with Time Warner allowed AOL to address its potential bargaining problems in two ways. First, it acquired a wealth of unique content that should give it significantly greater leverage vis-à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-vis firms like Microsoft that was extracting a heavy toll for access to the desktop. Second, by acquiring the number two cable provider, it instantly guaranteed itself a future in broadband and immediate access to millions of potential subscribers, mitigating the hold-up problem. Cross-Pollination Hailed as one of the two world powers of interconnectivity, a major rationale behind the merger was to win control over the home network which Gerald Levin described as the final battlefield. The vision was to create a seamless platform that would give AOL TW scale and scope beyond any other media company in the world and allow it to promote [their] products and brands across all of its media properties. This would require the successful transfer of skills between the two companies. The companies would have to effectively share their combined knowledge of cross-selling, Time Warners skill in media creation, their respective distribution competencies (AOL online and Time Warner in broader media outlets), and finally lever AOLs success in establishing meaningful joint venture relations. Enter Microsoft From the first time that AOL had to negotiate with Microsoft for access to the desktop, it was inevitable that the two would eventually come to compete. What was probably much more difficult to envision was the breadth of different businesses in which Microsoft would become a competitor. Microsoft has an entrenched presence on what, until recently, was the only vehicle for accessing the Internet; the computer. But recognizing, as AOL does, the convergence of technologies in media and communication and the likely zero sum game for the home network, Microsofts key corporate strategy has been its ability to achieve coordination by creating or venturing with firms that provide complementary products or services. Despite being late to the Internet game, Microsoft has effectively leveraged its ubiquity in computing and its vast financial resources to build or invest in businesses that go head to head with AOL in almost every facet of its operations. Microsoft has established links with complementary companies that will enable it to remain the de facto operating standard even when computing and Internet functionality leave the desktop and migrate to such vehicles as the television or the phone. It has also increased its content and functionality in areas such as messaging, gaming, transaction facilitation, online music and video, ensuring that there is no substantial area of interest in which consumers can not find a Microsoft or Microsoft-enabled solution. The result of these activities is that Microsoft and AOL will continue to go toe-to-toe for control of the digital consumer until a winner emerges. AOL/Time Warner: Who won? Determining who won and who lost in the AOL-Time Warner merger is complicated by the choice of criteria used to determine victory. If a more formidable and sustainable competitor was created, did both Companies win? But ask any Time Warner shareholder who won and youll get an unambiguous answer; AOL. By most standards, its acquisition was a coup. Its true that the merger makes great strategic sense for the businesses in which both companies compete. But the fact that AOL acquired Time Warner with vastly inflated stock means that AOL shareholders partook in one of the great robberies of the Internet bubble. While the value of most Internet companies plummeted over the past three years, AOL shareholders had managed to acquire some of the most valuable old economy assets. Time Warner, on the other hand, has seen the value of its consideration decline substantially, at a time when its stable mix of businesses should have held up much better. Had Time Warner acquired AOL for 20-30% of AOLs market value in January 2000, it might have been viewed as one of the shrewdest mergers in recent memory. The circumstances of the two companies coming together, however, will leave a cloud over the Company until it begins to realize its great potential that was envisioned at the outset.

How far do you agree that Shakespeare presents status as the greatest enemy to communication in The Tempest Essays

How far do you agree that Shakespeare presents status as the greatest enemy to communication in The Tempest Essays How far do you agree that Shakespeare presents status as the greatest enemy to communication in The Tempest Essay How far do you agree that Shakespeare presents status as the greatest enemy to communication in The Tempest Essay Essay Topic: The Tempest The themes of status and breakdown of communication are prevalent in The Tempest; and it is therefore unsurprising that the two come into conflict at several points within the play. This essay will discuss these themes, and more specifically, how status and hierarchy cause a breakdown in communication, reaching the conclusion that Shakespeare does present status as the greatest enemy to communication throughout the play.As early as Act 1 Scene1, the two themes collide, and status is portrayed as a negative force towards communication. The aristocracy on the boat are obviously of a higher status than the boatswain who is sailing them home, however, when the storm hits it is clear that the power is held by the boatswain. He is the only one able to get them through the storm alive. The Kings party have difficulty in accepting this switch of power, and thus the Boatswains orders are ignored.BOATSWAIN: When the sea is. Hence! What cares these roarers forThe name of king? To cabin. Silence ! Trouble us not.GONZALO: Good, yet remember whom thou hast aboard.This quotation clearly shows the Boatswain trying to communicate with a person of superior status than himself, and failing to assert his new power. The situation has granted him the opportunity to speak to the Kings party in a way which he would never have been able to do before, but he still faces resistance to his orders due to the fact that despite the situation the people with higher status in a normal situation are reluctant to relinquish their usual authority. Status is the greatest enemy in this scene because despite the other chaos going on around them, it is the breakdown of communication that is causing the Boatswain the most problems.The master servant relationship again brings up conflict between status and communication this time, it manifests in the form of Prospero and Caliban. The first time that Shakespeare presents their relationship to us is in Act 1 Scene 2, where the first conversation begins wi th an insult from Caliban to Prospero, uncharacteristic of an ordinary master servant relationship. Prospero responds just as aggressively, provoking Caliban further. This communication is harsh, aggressive, and is as a result of again from a resentment of status. Just as members of the kings party were reluctant to grant the boatswain temporary authority, Caliban is aggrieved that he has had to relinquish power that he believes he deserves to Prospero. The communication breakdown occurs from line 345 when Prospero completely ignores all that Caliban has just said:PROSPERO: Thou most lying slaveProsperos relationship with Ariel is similar to the one that he holds with Caliban, and their communication is restricted to questions from Prospero, to answers from Ariel.PROSPERO: Hast thou, spirit,Performd to point the tempest that I bade thee?ARIEL: To every article.Again in the master slave relationship, resentment is shown although more subtly than with Caliban, Ariel longs fore his fre edom, and resents the fact that it is Prospero who is in control of him. Shakespeare creating a spirit as a slave is no coincidence. It again highlights how status can control event the freest of beings. It also adds to the theme of injustice, and the combination of the two does not allow freely flowing communication between the two. Once again, the slave is given prose instead of blank verse a sign of elevated status. The inability of Ariel to truly communicate with Prospero despite being eloquent, clearly shows how status is an enemy to communication.Just as with Gonzalo, the character with status is presented as dismissive of other characters below them. Shakespeare presents situations in both these cases whereby we cannot automatically accept the authority wielded by those with status. In Act 1 Scene 1, the boatswain is clearly the character who should have authority in that situation, regardless of the normal hierarchy. Similarly having only just been introduced to Caliban and Prospero, we can see that Shakespeare elevates Caliban above what a slave would normally be, by giving him prose, and an eloquent speech. Therefore it is not status as theme by itself that is the greatest enemy to communication, but more specifically, the resentment of status, and the unwillingness to surrender power and authority in any way.A relationship which also illustrates the resentment of authority is that of Antonio and Sebastian. Sebastian is jealous of his brothers position of King of Naples, and is too easily persuaded to kill him by Alonso, in Act 2 Scene 1. In this relationship, there appears to be no attempt at communication, and this is as a result of the difference in status between the two brothers, and thus feelings are allowed to develop, and Alonso, who is very eloquent, is able to persuade Sebastian to kill his brother.ANTONIO: And how does your contentTender your own good fortune?SEBASTIAN:I rememberYou did supplant your brother Prospero.ANTONIO: True:And loo k how well my garments sit upon me;Much feater than before: my brothers servantsWere then my fellows; now they are my men.This passage shows the difference in the level of communication available when characters are of the same social ranking. Antonio and Sebastian both had the same situation, of brothers holding positions of power, and thus Antonio and Sebastian are able to communicate better with each other than they are with their brothers. This situation also enables Antonio to persuade Sebastian to kill Alonso. Whilst Sebastian is articulate, from the examination of other relationships in the play, it seems that that is not necessarily enough when the one of the characters in the conversation is of a higher social status than the other. This extract shows how status is the greatest enemy to communication by illustrating how characters of equal rank can communicate with each other.Another relationship in which status affects communication is that of father daughter, between Mira nda and Prospero. Whilst there is a level of mutual respect in this relationship that is missing from the other two that have been mentioned, there is still a clear understanding of who holds the power in the relationship, and that is Prospero.In the case of this relationship, one would assume that communication would be clear, Miranda would attentively listen to Prospero at all times; however, the first communication that the audience sees between the two characters shows Prospero anxious that Miranda is in fact listening to him. He continually checks her awareness:Dost thou attend me?The very minute bids thee open thine ear;Obey and be attentiveDost thou hear?There seems to be a slight apprehension on the part of Prospero that his status in this relationship is not enough for the channels of communication to be open. Whilst in this relationship, status is not an enemy to communication, it doesnt have as positive an affect as one would imagine.In conclusion, throughout the play, al most every single relationship that Shakespeare presents to us allows the audience to see just how much status affects communication, and what an adverse affect it has. Be it through the obvious and blatant disregard of one character to another, or the ability of two characters of the same social level to communicate well, Shakespeare clearly wants the audience to recognise this point, and the dynamics of the master slave relationship. It is clear that whilst many things affect communication in this play, Shakespeare wanted to present status as the greatest enemy.

Nursing Research Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nursing Research Article - Essay Example The article explains the importance of ensuring patients receive the expected high quality services and safety requirements. The research places importance on the healthcare facilities’ adhering to quality service standards. The article vividly shows the importance of the continuing delivery of high quality healthcare facilities’ nursing services and continuing improvement of the facilities’ patient safety healthcare facility safety. The Needleman and Hassmiller professional journal article shows the importance of continuing improvement the safety of the patients and healthcare professionals (Needleman & Hassmiller, 2009). The participants include a study of nursing care services of both Magnet hospitals and non-Magnet classified hospitals in the United States. The article focuses on the importance of hospital quality, nursing care, and efficiency. The authors emphasize adequate hospital nursing services are implemented. The article insists the continuing improvement of nursing care services is constantly tailored to fit each changing nursing care situation. Further, the article places timely importance on the nurses’ effective control of hospital or facility costs and expenses being harmonized with other affected departments, units, or areas. The journal article’s Magnet hospitals’ research findings show the importance of setting into motion the continuing improvement of front-line nursing staff healthcare service delivery. The improvements include the implementation of the Transforming Care at bedside quality healthcare services. The article’s additional research findings show nursing leadership, nursing staff, and healthcare facility administrators must actively contribute to improving the quality, safety, as well as efficiency of nursing care services. It is clear that the article places importance on the continuing improvement and safety of healthcare services. The article places importance on the

Jewish philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jewish philosophy - Essay Example The main objective of these philosophers was to revive the principles of Jewish religion. It was also realized that the course of direction of Jewish religion has to be tremendously changed with the advancement of time period to attract the new groups of people. In this context, the efforts of Jacques Derrida and Emmanuel Levinas for reviving the Judaism are noteworthy. Derrida is more cautious in explaining the meaning of Jewish philosophy in comparison to that of Levinas. It might be mainly because of the reason that he intends to convince the people that there appears some element of hesitation and undecidebility which we cannot avoid. He is more emphasizing on the truth that one cannot make Jewish religion popular by telling untruth. He is more open to reveal that the Jewish philosophy has some element of confusion and then tries to convince people that they have to accept it in its own form. In this process, he uses the word â€Å" relevant† translation which means that the translation of Jewish philosophy has to be done originally and accurately with out any deviation (Jacques derrida and Lawrence Venutti, 2001) At the same time, Derrida is skeptical about the successful implementation of new forms of non-violence. He is explaining the difficulty of implementing violence free world and his further argument was to convince people that i t has become a regular practice to experience some for of violence in the present day society. He also didn’t believe in totalism and exposes the element of suffering. He also interpreted that the affirmation of ghosts was not an ideal measure it poses a threat in the form of human violence and it obstructs the human conscience. On the other hand, Levinas concentrated on the theory that the Jewish religion can be spread effectively by way of translation, transmission and conveyance of Jewish tradition in easily understandable manner. Levinas believed in some form of implementation of non-violence in the present day

People in Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

People in Organisations - Essay Example   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"A process in which leader and followers interact in a way that enables the leader to influence the actions of the followers in a non-coercive way, towards the achievement of certain aims or objectives.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Leaders carry out this process by applying their leadership attributes, such as beliefs, values, ethics, character, knowledge, and skills. To inspire team members into attaining higher levels of teamwork, there are certain attributes that the team leader must have, certain things he should know, and, certain functions that he should perform. These do not come naturally to most of them, but are acquired through continuous analysis and study. Only those become good leaders who are continually WORKING and STUDYING to improve their leadership skills; they are NOT resting on their laurels.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The present essay focuses on a team that has been consistently performing for some time now. Any organization’s management including the top-rung leadership and the individual teams must strive to achieve better results and aim for achieving higher objectives. No matter how well the team has been performing, it is necessary for any team to adopt such an approach because it helps in the development of a team in terms of both the performance as well as increased revenues for the company in the long run. .  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Two basic things are necessary for any performing team, which is looking to improve its performance- Strategy and Tactics. Tom Peters in his book Thriving on Chaos, had said-â€Å"What have you done today to enhance (or at least insure against the decline of) the relative overall useful-skill level of your work force vis-à  -vis competitors†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With reference to a performing team, when Peters mentioned, "enhancing", he was speaking of the strategic plans that will help the team members

Critically evaluate Lord Hoffman's assessment of the appropriate Essay

Critically evaluate Lord Hoffman's assessment of the appropriate relationship between Parliamentary Sovereignty and principles of constitutional;ity in the UK t - Essay Example Therefore in the UK, the supremacy of Parliament often rises in conflict with the issue of constitutionality or the rights granted to individual citizens. This was elucidated by Lord Hoffman in 2000, when he pointed out the differences in the powers of the legislators, which were limited in other countries through the Constitution, but which was not the case in the UK, where Parliamentary Sovereignty subordinated the power of the judiciary that upholds the rights of individual citizens. In the United Kingdom, the three branches of Government are not granted equal powers. Parliament has been deputed as the supreme authority to make the laws of the land, through the principle of Parliamentary Sovereignty. Parliament comprises the King, The House of Lords and the House of Commons, who acting together jointly, enjoy undisputed power. In essence this means that Parliament is not subject to any limitations or checks and balances by the Courts. In fact the Courts have no power to overturn any of the laws laid down by Parliament or to declare them invalid. This has been amply stated by AV Dicey1 as follows; â€Å"In theory Parliament has total power.   It is sovereign.† In reference to the 1950 Commons Resolution attributing Parliamentary sovereignty, it has been suggested that they be viewed as â€Å"co-extensive with the scope of Article 9.†2 This addresses the need for Parliamentary Sovereignty to take into account the factors of rights of individuals an d human rights. However, this raises the issue of Constitutionality. Most Governments such as those in the United States are characterized by the distribution of power equally between the three branches of Government – the legislature, the executive and the Judiciary. In the event of an abuse of legislative power through an infringement upon individual rights of citizens, the Constitution imbues the Judiciary with the power to challenge the law. But this is not the case in the

Long-Term Isolation in Prison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Long-Term Isolation in Prison - Essay Example In fact, because those who impose the torture, prison officials, correction officers, and the lawyers who defend them in court, do not discuss it in any meaningful way. They do not release statistics about how many prisoners are kept isolated from the rest of the prison population, and they appeal any verdicts that say that solitary confinement is cruel and unusual punishment. Yet, how something that can cause the same amount of physical damage as being hit in the head hard enough to change one’s brain function, like as little as two weeks of solitary confinement does, can be called anything but torture is beyond reason to most people. This widespread and uniquely cruel form of torture goes by several different names. Among them are solitary confinement, segregation or â€Å"SAMs† (i.e. Special Administrative Measures) established â€Å"in 1996 for gang leaders and other crime bosses with demonstrated reach in cases of ‘substantial risk that an inmate's communica tion or contacts with persons could result in death or serious bodily injury to persons’" (Theoharis). Perhaps no one speaks of solitary confinement in terms of inhumane torture because they believe it is used just for the worst of the worst, the gang leaders and crime bosses, and since September 11, 2001, terrorists. Cool Hand Luke was thrown in â€Å"the hole† for defying the prison camp’s rules, and most people’s concept of solitary confinement matches what was portrayed in that movie and others like it. Most people believe solitary confinement is a place for inmates who violate prison rules. And, to be fair, it is. There are not a lot of freedoms to restrict or privileges to take away from a prisoner who has already had most of his/her rights removed through incarceration. Maybe though it is just easier not to think of such things. After all, if one is not a criminal, one never has to worry about spending 23 hours a day in a cinder block cell with no television, radio, or newspapers. Not even a deck of playing cards are allowed. Books are and usually, inmates in solitary confinement can write letters to one family member once a week, although the rules on that vary. Some inmates in segregated units—another more sterile name for solitary confinement—can have visitors; some cannot. They can leave their cell for one hour a day to exercise or shower, and all that activity is watched by guards via monitoring devices. These are not conditions most people see as humane even for criminals convicted of heinous crimes, but what should be done with prisoners who cannot get along with other prisoners, who incite violence or are caught with contraband in their cells? Solitary confinement seems like the only alternative. That is why it is surprising to some to learn that many prisoners kept in segregation are not violent, have not broken any rules, and are not being punished per se. Miki Ann DiMarco, a transsexual female incarce rated before the transformational surgeries were completed spent fourteen months in protective segregation in Wyoming Women’s Center. Because DiMarco still had some male genitalia, prison officials thought it best to keep her out of the general prison population for fear that she would be harassed.

Critically evaluate Lord Hoffman's assessment of the appropriate Essay

Critically evaluate Lord Hoffman's assessment of the appropriate relationship between Parliamentary Sovereignty and principles of constitutional;ity in the UK t - Essay Example Therefore in the UK, the supremacy of Parliament often rises in conflict with the issue of constitutionality or the rights granted to individual citizens. This was elucidated by Lord Hoffman in 2000, when he pointed out the differences in the powers of the legislators, which were limited in other countries through the Constitution, but which was not the case in the UK, where Parliamentary Sovereignty subordinated the power of the judiciary that upholds the rights of individual citizens. In the United Kingdom, the three branches of Government are not granted equal powers. Parliament has been deputed as the supreme authority to make the laws of the land, through the principle of Parliamentary Sovereignty. Parliament comprises the King, The House of Lords and the House of Commons, who acting together jointly, enjoy undisputed power. In essence this means that Parliament is not subject to any limitations or checks and balances by the Courts. In fact the Courts have no power to overturn any of the laws laid down by Parliament or to declare them invalid. This has been amply stated by AV Dicey1 as follows; â€Å"In theory Parliament has total power.   It is sovereign.† In reference to the 1950 Commons Resolution attributing Parliamentary sovereignty, it has been suggested that they be viewed as â€Å"co-extensive with the scope of Article 9.†2 This addresses the need for Parliamentary Sovereignty to take into account the factors of rights of individuals an d human rights. However, this raises the issue of Constitutionality. Most Governments such as those in the United States are characterized by the distribution of power equally between the three branches of Government – the legislature, the executive and the Judiciary. In the event of an abuse of legislative power through an infringement upon individual rights of citizens, the Constitution imbues the Judiciary with the power to challenge the law. But this is not the case in the

Sexism and Racism Based on Laurence Thomas' Sexism and Racism Assignment

Sexism and Racism Based on Laurence Thomas' Sexism and Racism - Assignment Example According to Thomas (240), sexism, unlike the case of racism, readily lends itself to a morally unobjectionable description. I  believe  it is morally wrong and unacceptable in the 21st century to discriminate or  view  the female gender as inferior to their male counterparts. It is only a male chauvinist who would try to  abuse  a woman on the  basis  that it is  right  since she is female. In the present world, it is  adorable  to see a man who treats and takes care of a woman than a  man  who is  rough  towards ladies.  Women are precious gems who  need  to be well taken care of and shown affection even in accordance to various  holy  books such as the bible and Quran.  It is also in this  light  that women in the present  world  are viewed  as future leaders due to their discipline and determination. Women have a large role to play in the society aside from the few roles that they were responsible for in the traditional settin g. The world has evolved in such a  manner  that we have women performing roles that  were traditionally viewed  as being for males such as engineering, medicine and piloting. Males have also taken on roles such as cleaning, which shows that  sexism  is slowly eroding away, and should not be allowed to  prejudice  against anyone.  It also goes without saying that ‘whatever a man can do, women can do better’ which is a common phrase employed to  kill  prejudice  and  sexism  among women (Thomas 240).  Women are just like men and should be regarded as their equals since it is likely that they can be like men and  better  if given the  chance. Hence sexism seems to be an issue that deters development in many communities and should be abolished in the  society  in whatever way possible. There should be real change in the  society  and men and women should reach a  point  and be  regarded  as equals. In such times, feminist s  need  to  come  in place in order to  empower  and  protect  the rights of women in society. Time and again, the  society  will not  mend  itself without the help of the same women coming  forth  and pressing charges on those who  discriminate  them. Though, in many societies, women  are usually belittled  and  regard  themselves as the inferior and the people to be taken care of, some people usually take advantage of their inferiority to  abuse  them (Thomas 241). Thomas views women as the  cause  of their inferiority since they are  submissive  to the set norms in the society. Many religions and cultures have  constantly  regarded women as inferior to men making them believe that hindering them from fighting for their rights. Even if, a feminist came to fight for the rights of such women, they would not be shocked to  get  much  opposition  from the same women they would be sacrificing to  free  from oppression . Women  constantly  suffer from  oppression  from male counter parts by being the weaker sex in the society. Hence the issue of sexism proves to be a  point  where other people take advantage of the weaker sex. In life, men are  naturally  bullies, and they get the chance  utilize  it  fully

Britain is a sexist society Essay Example for Free

Britain is a sexist society Essay Sexism is prejudice or animosity towards gender, institutionally or personally. The term is most often used for women, but it is generally aimed for all genders. In the United Kingdom, in the past few years 72% of women claimed they got abused due to their workplaces. Compared to 67% in 2002, 72% of women said yes, when asked; if they had ever felt intimidated at work by a fellow employee. Even with these results, 81% of the women said that they would not report these cases to their managers because they would be shy or worried. In addition, they believe that being female harmed their chances of career progression (82%) in 2006, compared to 78% in 2002 because males are the dominant office culture. The main reasons that sexism takes place is because one gender will feel another gender is weaker and not as successful as another. They will feel as if they have not got the ability e. g: workplaces without giving them any chance to prove themselves. This is clearly a stubborn and an ignorant way to treat people. Sexism is certainly taking place in the UK and there are numerous ways, which denotes that sexism does manifest in this country, such as: making prejudice statements and using offensive terms. In addition there was someone paying you less because of gender, this would be sexism. If you make friends and talk to more people based on their personality, this will help fight sexism and also joining anti-sexist campaigns will help the community.

Law Essays Public Emergency Liability

Law Essays Public Emergency Liability Public Emergency Liability Title: The privileged treatment accorded by the courts to the emergency services on the question of duty goes too far. It does not merely recognise the importance of their public services, it offers them a degree of protection which allows them to be unaccountable in circumstances where liability should clearly exist. 1. Do you agree? Critically consider by reference to authorities, whether the current law strikes the right balance. Introduction This paper discusses the legal perception of the duty of care owed by the public emergency services, including in particular the police, fire and ambulance services in the context of the burgeoning and ever-evolving law of tort. The statement under review claims that the â€Å"privileged treatment† (some would say limited immunity) offered to the public emergency services â€Å"goes too far†. It is further claimed that the latitude allowed by the courts in relation to the emergency services effectively renders those services unaccountable in circumstances where the imposition of liability is manifestly appropriate. In the following analysis these assertions are critically evaluated against the backdrop of relevant case law. The current balance of the law is identified in what is a constantly changing field. Conclusions are drawn on the basis of the authorities considered. Emergency Services and the Duty of Care It is common knowledge that there is no general, proactive duty of care to undertake ‘rescues’ or interventions in emergency situations, no matter how straightforward such rescues might appear. This is graphically illustrated by the case Barrett v Ministry of Defence (1995), where the failure of the MOD to intervene to prevent the death of an alcoholic soldier was not deemed to merit the imposition of tortious liability. Moreover, the position of English common law is mirrored in the United States on this point as Osterlind v Hill (1928) confirms. This stance was endorsed, by inference, in X v Bedfordshire County Council (1995) (by the House of Lords), and more explicitly in Stovin v Wise (1996). Indeed, Lord Hoffman opined in Stovin that the omission of a public authority to undertake the rescue of a emergency victim should be deemed incapable of deriving liability, except in circumstances where Parliament has expressly and specifically set down a right to redress in the form of financial compensation where the duty to intervene and rescue is not met. Given the above authorities it can come as no surprise that the law has traditionally not imposed a duty of care on emergency services when they are summoned to give assistance. In the case Ancell v McDermott (1993), for example, the court ruled that the police service was not subject to a duty of care to warn road users of dangers on the roads that were known to the service. Moreover, in Alexandrou v Oxford (1993) police were dispatched to retail premises to investigate the triggering of a burglar alarm. However, they omitted to detect the presence of a burglar before departing the shop. In this case the court ruled that the police did not owe a duty of care to the owner of the premises, who suffered loss as a consequence of the service’s failure. The court reasoned that to impose a duty of care in such circumstances would be contrary to the interests of public policy. The court also drew on the concept of proximity to justify its decision, although it is submitted that this seems tenuous given that it is hard to imagine a much more proximate situation. These decisions are in conformity with the earlier case of Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire (1989), in which the issue for the consideration of the court was whether the allegedly incompetent police service should be held to a tortious duty of care over its acquiescence before arresting the infamous Peter Sutcliffe, better known as the â€Å"Yorkshire Ripper†, although the police were in possession of cogent evidence indicating his culpability. The court rejected the action on grounds of public policy and also, this time on a much better-founded assertion of a lack of proximity. It was conceded that the police service owes a fundamental duty to the general public to catch the protagonists of crime efficiently and promptly but the court reasoned that it was impossible to define a specific class of individuals to whom the duty of care should be owed. It can be argued that there is manifest and abundant justification for the decision in Hill. Surely it is not feasible to impose a legally enforceable duty of care on the police force, and thereafter by inevitable implication award pecuniary compensation in the form of damages for every failed (or slow) investigation. The great majority of crimes go unsolved. The potential workload that the courts would be unimaginably huge and the compensation bill, which would ultimately have to be met by the public purse would be colossal. The case of Rondel v Worsley [1969] confirms the approach in Hill and the later cases discussed. In Rondel, unavoidable public policy factors were deemed to take precedence over issues of proximity in the court’s deliberations. That said however, there are limits to the fear of opening the floodgates to claims. If during the course of their operations the police are responsible for directly causing immediate harm to another they may be held liable for those actions. In Rigby v Chief Constable of Northamptonshire (1985), liability was imposed after the negligent use of a CS gas cannister and previously in Knightley v Johns (1982) negligent conduct in the aftermath of a traffic accident was found to justify a claim in tort. These cases, and other of their ilk, show that the police service can be subject to an enforceable duty of care, but only in tightly restricted circumstances and only where close causal proximity is clearly established. A case concerning the fire service shows that the police are not alone in their difficult relationship with tort law. In Capital and Counties plc v Hampshire County Council (1996) the court held at first instance that the fire service was liable for the negligence of one of its officers in ordering that the sprinkler system in a burning building should be turned off. The first instance judge dismissed arguments for immunity based on public policy. It was held (somewhat dubiously it is argued) that potential liability was unlikely to result in fire-fighting being carried out with a defensive frame of mind and the fire brigade’s exclusive control of its operations was a consideration against a public policy immunity. This decision appears to be in accord with the contemporaneous Scottish case of Duff v Highland and Islands Fire Board (1995), where it was held that the fire brigade did not enjoy immunity in tort regarding operational matters. In Duff the fire brigade attended the scene of a fire and then left believing it was extinguished. It was not extinguished and when the brigade was called back they were unable to control the fire and it destroyed the pursuer’s house. Lord MacFadyen opined that, while there was a risk of defensive behaviour among fire-fighters, precisely the same argument could be employed with equal force in the context of medical negligence and other forms of professional negligence and there was no question of extending public policy immunity into these vast spheres. Another contemporary supporting case is Crown River Cruises Ltd v Kimbolton Fireworks Ltd (1996), where the fire brigade was found liable in respect of a negligent failure to extinguish properly an initial fire at a premises. However, it must be noted that Capital and Counties plc v Hampshire County Council (1997) went to appeal at the Court of Appeal joined with two other cases. The facts of Capital and Counties are already known. In the joined case Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter Day Saints v West Yorkshire and Civil Defence Authority the fire service negligently omitted to source a sufficient supply of water for the purposes of extinguishing a fire and in the third joined case Monroe v London Fire Brigade officers of the fire service failed to check the perimeter of an explosion for secondary fires. The Court of Appeal ruled that the fire service does not owe a general tortious duty of care merely because they had been summoned to give assistance. The Court also held that the fire service’s assumption of responsibility once at the scene of an emergency, coupled with the reliance placed on the service by the parties involved, did not of itself establish a duty of care on the part of the fire service. The consequence of these rulings on principle was that the Church of Jesus Christ and Monroe cases failed on the facts. Liability was only established in the Capital and Counties case on the narrow grounds that the fire service had actually, physically and directly caused the damage suffered in the case, by personally and deliberately switching off the sprinkler system. All that said, a potentially groundbreaking decision was reached in the more recent case of Kent v Griffiths (2001). Here, a pregnant woman suffered an asthma attack at home. Her doctor attended her, realised she was in extreme difficulty and called 999 to summon an ambulance. The ambulance did not arrive for a period of 40 minutes (as opposed to the service’s own guidelines which indicated it should have arrived within a maximum of 14 minutes. It transpired that the ambulance crew entered false records in their logbook in an attempt to cover up their own negligence. The woman ultimately suffered a respiratory arrest, lost her baby and was left with brain damage as a direct result of the delay of the ambulance. Unsurprisingly the ambulance service was sued for negligence. At first instance, Turner J held that it would be â€Å"offensive to, and inconsistent with, concepts of common humanity† to refuse to impose a duty of care in all the circumstances of the case. Equipped with clear evidence of negligence and causation (and even mala fides) Turner J ruled that where the ambulance service accepted the task of providing a timely response and was in a position to do so, it was right to impose a duty of care to carry out the rescue in regards to the rescuee. The decision in Kent v Griffiths was welcomed by some, but feared by others concerned about opening the floodgates to a multitude of claims. The case was appealed. At the Court of Appeal it is submitted that an appropriate balance was struck. The first instance decision was upheld, however, their Lordships were at pains to stress that the precedent should be limited in its future application to the ambulance service. Master of the Rolls Lord Woolf made it clear that Kent v Griffiths could not be utilised in justifying actions against other arms of the emergency services. In confining the case strictly to its facts, Lord Woolf MR made it crystal clear that no general point of principle had been established. Their Lordships focused on the specific relationship between the ambulance service and each individual patient as differentiating the judgment from cases involving services, such as the fire brigade, the coastguard and the police, who owe a more general duty of societal protection. Concluding Comments With specific reference to the title to this work, it is clear that there is a very delicate balance to be struck in the imposition of a legally enforceable tortious duty of care on the public emergency services. It is submitted that both extremes are undesirable: at least that much is relatively uncontroversial. It would clearly be inappropriate to afford the emergency services complete immunity, because to do so would be to allow outrageous examples of highly proximate and gross negligence to go unpunished. Such would give the emergency services carte blanche to act in society under a licence not enjoyed by any other of its members. However, it would be equally unsatisfactory to settle a duty of care on the services that could potentially punish each and every technical incidence of negligence, because to do so would so drastically impair their actions and divert their scarce resources into defending the veritable multitude of civil suits that would quickly ensue. While it is far from ideal to build a framework of law on a case by case basis, it is hard to identify a better approach. The tentative step forward that was taken in Kent v Griffiths was quickly confined to the facts of the case and limited in terms of the scope of its future application. The reasons for this are obvious, and as long as the courts are prepared to extend liability in those cases that demand it, while curtailing the effects of their judgments with a view to the wider and general picture of public policy, then the law should be able to maintain efficiency and integrity in this sphere. In conclusion it is submitted that it is appropriate to open the floodgates just a crack, to allow the courts to deal with the most deserving cases within a rigid framework of liability, but not so far as to impede the emergency services in the work on which we all rely. Bibliography Cases as footnoted to standard citation Kidner R, Casebook on Torts, (2006) Oxford University Press Rogers W.V.H., Winfield and Jolowicz on Tort, (2002) Sweet Maxwell Weir, T, Casebook on Torts, (2004) Sweet Maxwell

Marlows Epiphany in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness :: Heart Darkness essays

Epiphany in Heart of Darkness  Ã‚   Marlow, in the novel "The Heart of Darkness," experiences an epiphany, or a dramatic moment in which a character intuitively grasps the essential nature or meaning of some situation. The moment in which Marlow experiences his epiphany is right after the helmsman gets killed by natives, which are associated with Kurtz. The thing that Marlow realizes is the savagery of man and the corruption of the ivory trade. The actual change takes place when Marlow sees the helmsman die. Marlow sees the death take place and is shocked. "The side of his head hit the wheel twice, and the end of what appeared a long cane clattered round and knocked over a little campstool. ... my feet felt so very warm and wet that I had to look down. ... It was the shaft of a spear that...had caught him in the side just below the ribs. I had to make and effort to free my eyes from his gaze and attend to the steering. ... I declare it looked as though he would presently put to us some question in an understandable language; but he died without uttering a sound, without moving a limb, without twitching a muscle. ... 'He is dead,' murmured the fellow, immensely impressed. 'No doubt about it,' said I ." When this happened, Marlow realized the savagery of man, horror of death, and the corruption of the ivory trade. He realizes that in the ivory trade, that the ivory is more valuable than human life and that traders will do almost anything to get it. Marlow also realizes man's savagery in the event that man puts greater value on riches than on human life. This is the epiphany of Marlow in "The Heart of Darkness." The epiphany of Marlow in "The Heart of Darkness" has significance in the overall story. The theme of the story is how every man has inside himself a heart of darkness and that a person, being alienated like Kurtz, will become more savage. Marlow, in his epiphany, realizes the savagery of man and how being alienated from modern civilization causes one to be savage and raw. This savagery is shown especially in the death of the helmsman, which is where Marlow's epiphany takes place, but the savagery is also show in Kurtz. The link that Kurtz has to the natives and the death of the helmsman is that the natives work for Kurtz.

The Graduate and Plastics Essay -- Graduate Admissions Essays

The Graduate and Plastics The Graduate is a 1967 film directed by Mike Nichols who won an Oscar for his direction. This hit of the 60's focuses on the development and the maturing of the ultra-naïve college graduate Benjamin Braddock. This movie is about "just one word...Plastics." Mr. McQuire sums up this entire movie when he tells Ben that there is "a great future in plastics." In this film the relationships, except the one between Ben and Elaine, are like plastic because they are not real, they are molded, and they are artificial. The relationship between Mr. and Mrs. Robinson is shaky at best. There is no love in their marriage; in fact, the only reason there is a marriage is because Mrs. Robinson became pregnant with Elaine. They don't "sleep in the same room" and in order for her to see Ben she just "walks out" of the house. Ben finds this shocking because to an outsider their marriage seems solid and real but it isn't. Their marriage is like plastic because although it appears solid, it is fab...

Sister Flowers

I believe that the use of grammar is an important part of this passage. It is one of the points that Angelou's character, Marguerite, uses to define the social split in her life. Marguerite uses many different examples to separate what makes Sister Flowers so different and special compared to herself and her own life. Marguerite has respect for Sister Flowers for a number of reasons: the way Sister Flowers speaks and uses her grammar, the way she dresses, the way she carries herself, her body shape and even the richness of her skin.Marguerite is pretty embarrassed for her and her grandmother's sake and in my opinion it shows how much Marguerite would like her grandmother to be more like Sister Flowers. She even goes as far as to say that she â€Å"hated her [grandmother] for showing her ignorance. † This helped me to understand how highly Marguerite regarded Sister Flowers and how much Marguerite would like to be like Sister Flowers. Mrs. Flowers has a little talk with Marguer ite and tells her, basically, that lack of education does not mean a person isn’t intelligent. She said that I must always be intolerant of ignorance but understanding of illiteracy.That some people, unable to go to school, were more educated and even more intelligent than college professors. She encouraged me to listen carefully to what country people called mother wit. That is those homely sayings was couched the collective wisdom of generations. Education separates people, but something more important unites them – self-respect and respect for one another. Just because Marguerites grandmother intelligence is passed from one generation to another, it shouldn’t go on unnoticed because she can also learn something from it.

Henry Fayol Theory of Management Essay

DEFINITION OF PUBLIC SPHERE THEORY In rhetoric, the places were citizens exchange ideas, information, attitude and opinions. The concept of Habermas public sphere is a metaphorical term used to describe the virtual space where people can interact through the world wide web, for instance is not actually a web, cyberspace is not a space, and so with the public sphere. It’s the virtual space where the citizens of a country exchange ideas and discuss issues in order to reach agreement about ‘matters of general interest’(Jurgen, Habermas 1997:105) HISTORY OF JURGEN HABERMAS Jurgen Habermas was born in Dusseldorf, Garmany in 1929, he had served in the Hilter youth and had been sent to them. The western front during the final months of the war.  Habermas entrance onto the intellectual scence began in 1950s with an influential critique of Martin Heideggers philosophy.  He studied philosophy at universities of Gottingen and Bonn, which he followed with studies in philosophy and sociology at the institute of social research under Maz Horkheimer and Theoder Adono. In the 1960s and 70s he target at the university of Heidelberg and Frankfurt am main. He then  accepted a directorship at the Max Pianck institution in stamberg in 1971. In 1980 he won prize and two years later he took a professorship at the university of Frankfurt, remaining there until his retirement in 1994. Habermas on the public sphere, he means first at al a dominant of our social life in which something coming out in which public opinion can be formed. The right is guaranteed to all citizen. A position of the public sphere comes in being in every conversation in which private individuals assemble to form a public body. Citizens behave as a public body when they confer in an unrestricted fashion †¦ i.e, with the guarantee of freedom of assembly and association and the freedom to express and publish their opinions†¦ about matters of general interest. The contemporary publics sphere is characterized according to Habermas. By the weathering of its critical roles and capacities. In the past publicity was used to subject people or the present political decisions to the public. Today the public sphere is recruited for the use of hidden policies by interest groups. For Habermas, the principles of the public sphere are weakening in the 20th century. The public is no longer made out of masses of individuals but of organized people that institutionally exerting their influence on the public sphere and debate. Habermas introduces the concepts of â€Å"communicative power† as the key normative resources for countering the norn-free steering media of money and administrative power. Linking †˜communication’ with ‘power’ already suggests a mix of the normative resources of communicative action with the impersonal force of power. Is such a conceptual mix stable? As the source for democratic legitimation of the use of state power, communicative power is a central notion in Habermas’s democratic theory. Although, in the medium of in restricted communication†¦ new problem situation can be perceived more sensitively, discourses aimed at achieving self-understanding can be conducted more widely and expressively, collective identities and need interpretations can be articulated with fewer compulsions then is the case in procedurally regulated public sphere. HOW HABERMAS ANALYSIS PUBLIC COMMUNICATION Habermas analysis public communication in medieval times there existed no separation or distinction between private and public sphere, dure to the class pyramid of the feudal system. This system for Habermas positioned greater power at every level and to this day conventions regarding the ruler persisted, with political authority retained by the highest level. Rulers saw the state and not as representatives of the state – meaning that they represent their power to the people and not for the people. According to Habermas, by the late 18th century feudal institutions were finally disappearing along with church’s rule, making way to public power which was given autonomy. Rulers become public entities and professionalism bore the first signs of the bourgeois which become autonomous in relation to the government. Representational publicity was pushed over by a public force that formed around national and territorial sentiment and individual struggling with public power found themselves outside its collective power. The term â€Å"public† did not refer to the representation of a man with authority, but rather became the legitimate power of exercising power. The public sphere, according to Habermas, was the final stage of these developments. HOW IMPORTANT HARBERMAS THEORY Solutions can be raised and tested for potential objections without the pressure to put ‘opinion’ immediately in practice. Uncoupling communicated opinions from concrete practical obligations tends to have an intellectualizing effect. Furthermore, a great deal of political communication that does not immediately call for political action is certainly crucial to the political discourse a robust, democratic society. Free sphere plays an essential role in the political process as a cooperative search for truth. We should not be misled into thinking that the public sphere amounts to nothing more than a public arena in which people talk about politics. Nor does the public sphere have merely instrumental value for bringing ‘relevant information’ into political process. The public sphere is a normative  concept that plays a key role in the process that culminates in legitimate political decisions. According to Habermas, institutionalized democratic lawmaking and judicial review alone are insufficient to confer democratic legitimacy. Alone with legislative decisions, judicial and administrative decision are only ensured legitimacy through the normative reasons generated by an un-subverted public sphere. Otherwise, political decisions are dedicated by the power struggles within the political system and not by citizens themselves who, as the addresses of the law, are the ones affected. Without robust political public sphere, there is little check on the administrative power that dictates the flow of communication and power within the political system and the citizenry. Thus, the public sphere theory is more inanely an arena for talking politics. It is the primary site for detecting problems, for generating radical democratic infuses, and for the deliberation of citizens, all of which are necessary for democratic legitimacy. In the following, I distinguish the important normative aspects of the informal public sphere theory. 1. Its communicative and organizational structure 2. The capacities required to meet its deliberate role within a deliberative politics and 3. The qualified out comes or effects generated by the public sphere. This last aspect will lead into the discussion of crucial role of communicative power.

Applying Of Management Information Systems In Modern System Research Paper

Applying Of Management Information Systems In Modern System - Research Paper Example The role of Management Information Systems (MIS) becomes quite vital. The changing needs of the business in the modern day scenario can be met with the incorporation of MIS in different business-related activities. There are various sections of organizations comprising sales, production, and marketing among others that collectively form the base of organizational operations. MIS enables the flow of information from one aspect of the businesses to the other which further facilitates to stabilize the overall operations. Furthermore, it has also been noted that decision making is one of the important concerns in the modern day business. Without the presence of quality as well as an accurate information base, decisions regarding any aspect of the business operations cannot be effectively taken. However, it is worth mentioning in this regard that organizations can make use of different vital sections of MIS which will be effective in acquiring proper information for taking significant dec isions. All these aspects, as well as their advantages to the business, will be elaborately discussed in the later part of the paper. This paper intends to analyze the potential advantages of MIS and the role it can perform in resolving or rendering quality information for future decision making (Jewadekar, 2006; Coleman, 1996). Management Information Systems (MIS) play an imperative role in today’s business world especially with regard to acquiring quality information for various significant activities of the business. Organizations nowadays depend on MIS for various important functions which essentially decide the direction of the business. From this aspect, it can be affirmed that MIS is quite vital in every department of modern day business.

Initiative to Engage Employees and Reduce Voluntary Turnover Assignment

Initiative to Engage Employees and Reduce Voluntary Turnover - Assignment Example From this paper it is clear that  as the CEO, ensuring that the employees need for trust is satisfied, can be achieved through enquiring about the needs of the employees. Failing to be aware of the needs of the employees of the company is not a good thing even though it typically happens. This form of mindset should be shifted immediately in order to ensure that the employee issues are understood.As the discussion stresses as the CEO, the author of the report   would come up with mechanism that will provide information of the aspects that are crucial to the employees and since they may not be willing to provide this information directly to the CEOs office, the avenues for this communication should encourage them to provide information. He would make myself available, as a real human being, associate with the employees and show them that I care in order to make communication smoother with the aim of nurturing trust. In order to satisfy the need of the employees to have hope, as th e CEO, he must maintain a positive work setting that will ensure the work environment is conducive and positive for the employees. This is because the work environment is critical to the motivation and happiness of the employees. the reporter would foster hope in the employees by ensuring that they are happy through giving them freedom and eliminating negativity. Therefore, he would ensure that people with bad attitudes are pulled aside and advised on the values they can change in order to increase positivity in the workplace.

Post-industrialized cities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Post-industrialized cities - Essay Example The Chicago School asserted that cities do not develop randomly but instead they develop according to favourable conditions in the environment. One example of this is the way in which large urban areas are found predominantly along shores of rivers or on fertile plains, as those features have been advantageous to their development. The School was influenced by the processes which were seen to occur in nature such as the effects which competition in an area has on the distribution of the various species of animal in an ecosystem. This became part of the theory which asserted that cities become ordered into 'natural areas' through processes such as competition, invasion and succession. It was theorised that patterns of location, movement and relocation in cities follow similar patterns to those observed in any ecosystem (Giddens 06). Lewis Wirth claimed that urbanism was a way of life. He noted that there were distinct differences between the way which people lived their lives in urban areas and in rural areas. Wirth highlighted the heterogenous nature of the people in the urban area as the predominant reason for this difference. In rural areas, people in any particular area live similar lives, with similar cultures, beliefs and ideals. In comparison, those in urban areas are diverse in cultures, beliefs and ideals, which Wirth theorised could drive the division of the urban area to naturally divide into neighbourhoods in which these characteristics were shared (Wirth 64). While this may be true, Wirth neglected to note that there were internal factors which were present in urban areas and not in rural areas. For example different occupational factors and class factors were present in the urban areas at the time compared to the rural areas, and these may also have been driving forces in separation of the urban n eighbourhoods. Robert Park asserted that the city was a social organism which was formed of distinct parts joined together by internal processes. Park theorised that the 'web of life' ensured that competitiveness was present between inhabitants of any urban area and that this led to natural structuring of urban areas. This was a result of comparing the nature of urban areas to Darwinian struggle present in any ecological system. The model put forth by Park also has several criticisms. For example the comments which he makes toward natural processes and the structuring of society are oversimplified. There are many differences between humans and other creatures in nature such as technological advances. These ensure that humans are not dependent on the natural habitat in the same ways as other animals although there are still benefits to be derived from natural features. Park also fails to take account of other factors such as government regulations. While there are critiques to be applied to the Chicago School of urban ecology, I do generally agree that this is a simplified but accurate view of early cities. I feel however that cities have developed in the modern day past the theories put forward in this school. Paper 2 Cities and urban areas began to move from industrialised areas to post-industrial areas during the 20th Century, when manufacturing industries began to close down and were no longer the focus of these cities. The cities began to develop

Eric Foner A short history of reconstruction Essay

Eric Foner A short history of reconstruction - Essay Example Presidential Reconstruction is a short period of presidency from 1863 to 1866 of both Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson. In an attempt to unify the nation, political activity of the presidents was strongly opposed by the Radical Republicans. Even though Johnson was in favor of anti-slavery politics, he vetoed the punitive legislation against southern planters. Officially he was against slavery and, at the same time, in reality was in favor of rich plantation owners of the South. And, already in 1866 the Radical Republicans gained power and begun Congressional Reconstruction. Having analyzed politics in Washington, D.C., it should be noted that emancipation proclamation as well as anti-slavery laws were not an easy decisions to take, because it was people’s wealth, country’s economy, political power and many others important issues which were put at stake. Furthermore, emancipation did not go smoothly and painlessly. The rich plantation owners were neither ready, nor willing to let their free workforce go. And war, which began, was â€Å"the midwife of revolution† (Foner 2). As the author has noted, the proclamation was just official document in support of the revolutionary movement which had begun much earlier. Despite all the difficulties and controversies, slavery finally ended while Confederacy was defeated. The meaning of the word ‘freedom’ began to gain its new shade for Americans regaining its true position in society purified by Civil War events. Only by the end of 1870s the Reconstruction did provide freed slaves with some rights under the law which had been signed much earlier. Yet, the years of Reconstruction can be considered as a new starting point of new and right democracy, which has been destined to fight its way through until present days. Not only was Reconstruction one of the most

Individual Strategic Business Planning portfolio Essay

Individual Strategic Business Planning portfolio - Essay Example By virtue of the sophisticated technology JetFan Ltd expects to capitalize on the demand for sophistication by the consumers. The amount of money required for the business initiative has been stated as $2.5 million worth equity capital. Moreover by way of ‘intellectual property’ rights the company will be able to avoid any duplication of the impeller technology in the market besides giving it a good brand name. So the Executive Summary portion of the business plan clearly highlights all the aspects relating to fund requirement, project worthiness etc. Overall it can be said that the portion covers all the relevant questions making it an ‘excellent’ one. Business Description The business plan has been stated as ‘commercialization’ of impeller technology in worldwide market by entering into alliances with the leaders in the fan manufacturing market. The product offered by the business has been stated clearly in section â€Å"Creating the JetFan R evolution† where it has been stated that the business plans to offer small-sized, quieter and convenient fans to the consumers. This is an expansionary business opportunity. The reasons for the success of the plan has been outlined in the section â€Å"Why use JetFan and why now†. Here the benefits of adapting to the new technology have been stated as stall-free, miniaturization, less power consumption, reduced noise etc. The pressure differential advantages of JetFan over the conventional axial flow have been presented by way of a chart. The growth forecast for the JetFan market has been anticipated to be 15 percent every year. The section â€Å"Creating the JetFan Revolution† highlights the unique features of the JetFan’s unique impeller design. It has been mentioned how the JetFan scores over traditional plans in terms of higher airflow, improved efficiency, long battery life etc. Besides it has been stated how the JetFan reduces the inventory and tooli ng costs for the manufacturers. So overall in the business plan the details relating to nature of the business, products offered, its unique benefits, future growth prospects, salient product features and the unique business characteristics have been clearly outlined. So overall a good description of the business has been given. Marketing The market size has been conservatively estimated at 350 million small fans. This has been expected to grow by 15% annually. The market trend has also been anticipated to be strong owing to the fast replacement of the desktop computers with portable computers. The business plans to sell its impellers to the manufacturers in various industries. This implies that the business will not supply to the customers directly rather it will function as an intermediary as the plan clearly states that the sale of the impellers will be mainly to the manufacturers. The plan states that the business faces direct competitions from the manufacturers of specialist fa ns like Papst, NMB and Sunon. In the event JetFan decides to manufacture complete units of fans then it is expected to face significant direct competition. These fan manufacturers occupy a sizable portion of the market. However, it has also been stated that if the company sticks to the production of fan impellers instead

Security and idententy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Security and idententy - Essay Example In the modern society, security does not refer to the state as a government or a territorial entity, but relatively as a collective identity of the nation. This indicates that, security in a society may be compromised by anything that compromises their identity (Panic 30). On the other hand, societal security relates to the capability of a society to preserve its essential characteristics in the face of variable circumstances despite of the potential and actual threats. In this case, security is compromised when a community perceives a threat as a hazard to its identity since identity is defined as a set of ideas and practices that recognize particular individuals as members of a social group (Panic 30). Moreover, nations are imaginary communities and national identities, which are the most important references object of the societal security. National identity, therefore, involves some forms of political community, common institutions and one code of duties and rights for all member s of the community. This identity also suggests a definite social space and demarcated territories, which are easily identified by members of the community (Panic 31). This means that community members have a feeling of belonging into this identity. This will, therefore, give a clear definition of a state as a group of people obeying similar rules and institutions within a given territory. According to David Campbell, there are two conceptions of a nation, which includes the civil model and ethics (Campbell 24). These are two predominantly conceptual territories, which need to be protected by the nation. This is due to the fact that nations have to possess compact, well-defined territories. Campbell indicates that territories cannot be just anywhere but must be... It is clear that security and identity have a deeper meaning rather than protecting the affairs of a country since, after the Cold War that appeared in European countries in early 1940s, there emerged new and complex security models of states and individuals. These new approaches were considerably divergent compared to traditional, narrow concepts since they indicate that something can be a security issue despite having no threat to the state. Different from traditional phenomena, other factors such as migrations and cultural identity challenges can contribute to identity securitization in a country. The identity of social group is the object of societal security concept. Social security is thus something concerning individuals and its nature in the prevailing economy. On the other hand, societal security relates to the collectivity of identities and actions undertaken with the aim of protecting such identities in a country.